Verb Guide
INDICATIVE
TENSE |
ENDINGS |
TRANSLATION |
PRESENTE Used
to tell what happens
generally I work
six hours a day. Hace +
time exp. + que = I have been
working here one year. |
(-ar) o, as, a, amos, áis, an hablo, hablas, habla,
hablamos, habláis, hablan (-er) o, es, e, emos, éis, en como, comes, come,
comemos, coméis, comen (-ir)
o, es, e, emos, ís, en abro,
abres, abre, abrimos, abrís, abren Stem-changing- change e
to ie, e to i, o to ue in all
singular forms and 3rd
person plural Spelling change- ger/gir
verbs change g to j in the yo
form (elijo, eliges, elige, etc.) Spelling change- in verbs ending
in -uir (except guir), a y is inserted in all
forms except nosotros and
vosotros (huyo, huyes, huye, huimos, huis, huyen) Irregular
yo forms- caigo, conozco, digo, doy, estoy, hago, oigo, pongo, quepo, salgo,
sé, sigo,
soy, tengo, traduzco, traigo, vengo, venzo, veo |
I
TALK, I AM
TALKING, I DO TALK |
PRETÉRITO Expresses
an action that was
begun or was completed in the past. Supe- I found out Quise- I tried No
quise- I refused Conocí- I met Tuve- I had, got Pude- I managed (I could and did) No pude- I tried and
couldn’t Hace + time exp. + que = I worked here one year ago. |
(-ar) é,
aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron hablé,
hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron (-er
& -ir) í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron comí,
comiste, comió, comimos, comisteis, comieron Stem-changing
verbs ending in -ir- change e to i, o to u, in 3rd singular and plural Spelling change- zar verbs change z to c only in the yo
form (almorcé, almorzaste) gar
verbs change g
to gu only in the yo form (pagué, pagaste) car
verbs change c to qu only in the yo form
(expliqué, explicaste) Spelling Change- unaccented i changes to y
in 3rd person singular and plural (leyó / leyeron, creyó / creyeron, oyó
/ oyeron, cayó / cayeron, influyó /
influyeron, huyó / huyeron) The verbs
below and their compounds have an irregular stem in all forms
of the preterite. They use the
following endings: e,
iste, o, imos, isteis, ieron (j + eron) tuve
(tener), estuve (estar), anduve (andar), hice hizo (hacer),
vine (venir), quise (querer), puse (poner), pude
(poder), supe (saber), cupe (caber), dije (decir), traje
(traer), hube (haber), produje (producir), conduje
(conducir), traduje (traducir), introduje (introducir) ser / ir fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron dar di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron ver vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron (not irregular, often asked about) |
I
TALKED, I DID
TALK IR StC
verbs herir (i,
i) elegir
(i, i) repetir
(i, i) servir
(i, i) pedir (i,
i) vestir
(i, i) exigir
(i, i) medir (i,
i) seguir
(i, i) conseguir
(i,i) reír (i,
i) sonreír
(i, i) senitr
(ie, i) mentir
(ie, i) sugerir
(ie, i) preferir
(ie, i) divertirse
(ie,i) hervir
(ie, i) reñir(i,
i)* |
IMPERFECTO a. description b. habitual action c. ongoing action d. age / time e. narration in a story f.
generally used with verbs of thought |
(-ar) aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban hablaba, hablabas, etc. (-er, -ir) ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían comía,
comías, etc. Three irregulars: ser - era,
eras, era, éramos, erais, eran ir - iba,
ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban ver - veía,
veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían |
I WAS
TALKING, USED TO TALK (WOULD) TALK, TALKED (habitually) podía - I
was able no podía
- I wasn’t able quería -
I wanted no quería
- I didn’t want sabía - I
knew (info) tenía - I
possessed |
FUTURO |
(-ar, -er, -ir) é, ás, á, emos, éis, án
(Attach to infinitive) hablaré,
comerás, abrirá These 12
verbs and compounds use the following irregular stems: cabré, diré,
habré, haré, podré, pondré, querré, sabré,
saldré, tendré, valdré, vendré |
I
SHALL, WILL TALK (probablity
in present) irá - he probably goes |
CONDICIONAL |
(-ar, -er, -ir) ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais,
ían hablaría, comerías,
abriría (Attach
to infinitive - same irregulars as in future) |
I
WOULD TALK (probability
in past) iría - he probably went |
PRESENTE PERFECTO (Present Perfect) |
he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han he hablado, has comido Present
of haber + past participle (past participle = ado / ido
form) Irregular past participles: abierto, cubierto,
descubierto, dicho, escrito, hecho, impreso,
muerto, puesto, resuelto, roto, visto,
vuelto These
past participles have accents on the i of -ido: caído, creído, leído,
oído, reído, traído |
I HAVE TALKED, HE HAS
TALKED |
PLUSCUAM- PERFECTO (Past Perfect) |
había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais,
habían había hablado (Imperfect
indicative of haber + past participle) |
I HAD TALKED |
FUTURO PERFECTO |
habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis,
habrán habré hablado (Use
future of haber + past participle) |
I
SHALL (WILL) HAVE TALKED |
CONDICIONAL PERFECTO |
habría, habrías, habría, habríamos,
habríais, habrían habría hablado (Use
conditional of haber + past participle) |
I WOULD HAVE TALKED |
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENTE
SUBJUNTIVO Used
in dependent clauses a.
noun clauses after verbs of persuasion or
will, disbelief, negation, doubt, emotion, opinion and judgment when there is
a change of subject. He wants me to go. b. adverbial clauses introduced by certain conjunctions. PESCA³ - always MHCADTALE - sometimes CSHAPED - change into prepositions We will do it when we return from the
store. c. adjective clauses after an antedecent that is questioned, non-existent, or unknown Is there someone here who speaks
Russian? d. other uses certain if clauses after como si
after
quiera expressions
|
(-ar) e, es, e, emos, éis, en hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis,
hablen (-er) a, as, a, amos, áis, an coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman (-ir)
a, as, a, amos, áis, an abra,
abras, abra, abramos, abráis, abran Form by
dropping the o of the yo form of the present indicative, then adding the opposite vowel. StC: same
as present indicative for -ar and -er verbs. cierre, cierres, cierre, cerremos, cerréis, cierren vuelva,
vuelvas, vuelva, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan same as present indicative for -ir
verbs +++ nosotros and vosotros forms change e to i (o to
u): divierta, diviertas, divierta, divirtamos,
divirtáis, diviertan duerma,
duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmais, duerman SpC: zar
- z to c before any ending beginning with an e (all
forms) gar - g to gu before
endings beginning with an e (all forms) car - c to qu
before endings beginning with an e (all forms) ger/gir - g to j before
endings beginning with an a (all forms) Irreg. verbs in pres. indic.
Have the spelling of the yo form (minus the o). haga hagas haga hagamos hagáis hagan ofrezca ofrezcas ofrezca ofrezcamos ofrezcáis ofrezcan recoja recojas recoja recojamos recojáis recojan siga sigas siga sigamos sigáis sigan DISHES: dar: dé des dé demos deis den ir: vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayáis vayan ser: sea seas sea seamos seáis sean haber: haya hayas haya hayamos hayáis hayan estar: esté estés esté estemos estéis estén saber: sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepáis sepan |
ME TO
TALK (THAT)
I TALK I WILL
TALK Quiere
que hable. (He
wants me to talk.) Insiste en que yo hable. (He
insists that I talk.) Prefieren
que no hable. (They
prefer that I not talk.) Me
dicen que hable. (They
tell me to talk.) Me
sugieren que hable. (They
suggest that I talk.) Es importante que hable. (It’s important that I talk.) Es bueno que hable. (It’s
good that I am talking.) Es necesario que hable. (It’s necessary that I talk.) Duda que hable. (He
doubts that I talk.) No
creen que hable. (They
don’t believe I talk.) Esperan
que hable. (They
hope that I talk.) |
IMPERFECTO
SUBJUNTIVO The
imperfect subjunctive frequently is translated in the same way as the present
subjunctive. You must use the
imperfect subjunctive if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense: a. preterite b. imperfect (indicative) c. conditional d. past perfect Always
use the imperfect subjunctive in if clauses that express
a condition that is contrary to fact or one that is hypothetical; also it must be used after Si fuera tú, no iría. If I
were you, I would not go. Si tuviera tiempo, lo haria. If I
had time, I would do it. Habla como si lo supiera. He
talks as if he knew it. |
ALL
VERBS USE THE SAME ENDINGS: ra, ras, ra, ´ramos, rais,
ran fuera, fueras, fuera, fuéramos,
fuerais, fueran se ses, se, ´semos, seis, sen fuese,
fueses, fuese, fuésemos, fueseis, fuesen Form by
dropping the ron of the third person plural of the preterite. SPC - leer / leyeron ® leyera, leyeras, leyera, leyéramos,
leyerais, leyeran (oír, construir, caer, creer, influir,
huir, influir, distribuir, contribuir) STC - ar
/ er verbs do not show a stem change in the past subjunctive (volviera, volvieras, volviera, volviéramos, volvierais,
volvieran) (pensara,
pensaras, pensara, pensáramos, pensarais, pensaran) ir verbs do show a stem change: repetir
- repitieron ® repitiera,
repitieras, repitiera, repitiéramos, repitierais, repitieran mentir - mintieron ® mintiera,
mintieras, mintiera, mintiéramos, mintierais,
mintieran dormir - durmieron ® durmiera, durmieras, durmiera
durmiéramos, durmierais, durmieran Irregulars
(Same stem as in preterite in all forms of the past subjunctive) tuviera, anduviera, estuviera, quisiera, hiciera,
viniera, pusiera, pudiera,
supiera, cupiera, dijera, condujera, trajera,
tradujera |
ME TO
TALK THAT I
TALK I WOULD TALK Queria que yo hablara. (He
wanted me to talk) Insistió en que hablara. (He insisted that I talk) Prefería que hablara. (He preferred that I talk.) Me dijeron que hablara. (They
told me to talk.) Sugirieron que hablara. (They suggested I talk.) Fue bueno que hablara. (It
was good that I talked) Dudaban
que hablara. (They
doubted that I talked.) Esperaban
que hablara. (They
hoped that I would talk.) |
PRESENTE
PERFECTO SUBJ. (Used
to translate “has, have” with past participle.) |
haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan + the -ado or -ido form (Present subjunctive of haber +
past participle) . . que haya
hablado (dicho, hecho, puesto,
visto, roto, vuelto, abierto, cubierto,
escrito, muerto) (caído, traído, creído, leído, oído) |
I HAVE TALKED Dudan que haya hablado. They
doubt I have talked. |
PLUSCUAMPERFECTO
SUBJ. (Used
to translate “had” with the past participle.) |
hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubiéramos,
hubierais, hubieran + ado / ido form (Imperfect subjunctive of haber +
past participle) . . . que hubiera hablado (dicho, hecho, puesto,
visto, roto, vuelto, abierto, cubierto,
escrito, muerto) (caído, traído, creído, leído, oído) |
I HAD TALKED Se alegraban de que yo hubiera hablado. They
were glad that I had talked. |
WHAT IS THE
SUBJUNCTIVE?
The subjunctive is the mood of the
subordinate (dependent) clause whose action is determined by the verb of the
main clause. It is used in noun clauses,
adjective clauses, and adverbial clauses.
The rules of usage will vary according to the kind of dependent clause
in the sentence. In many cases que
is used to introduce the subordinate (dependent) clause. Often a change of subject is
needed in order to use the subjunctive.
There are four subjunctive tenses.
Once it is determined that the subjunctive is needed, refer to the tense
sequence chart to find the proper tense.
present imperfect (past) present perfect past perfect (pluperfect - pluscuamperfecto)
To determine
proper subjunctive tense, identify the tense of the main verb. Choose the tense of the subjunctive verb from
this chart.
If the MAIN VERB is: |
then,
the SUBJUNCTIVE VERB is: |
Present
Indicative Future
Indicative Command Present
Perfect Indicative |
Present
Subjunctive or (Present
Perfect Subjunctive) * |
Preterite
Indicative Imperfect
Indicative Conditional
Indicative Pluperfect Indicative |
Imperfect
Subjunctive or (Pluperfect
Subjunctive) * |
* Present
perfect and pluperfect (past perfect) are specifically used to
translate "has ___ed" and "had ___ed" when the subjunctive
is needed.
1. In Noun clauses the main verb
must express will, influence, persuasion, emotional
reaction, doubt or negation, opinion, judgment
(necessity, probability, etc.) and the subject of the main clause and that of
the dependent clause must be different.
a. With the verbs obligar, prohibir,
aconsejar, permitir, hacer, mandar y dejar, the infinitive may be
used.
b.
The subjunctive is not used
after: es verdad, es cierto, es
obvio, es evidente, es claro
Insisten en que vayamos. Insistían
en que fuéramos.
Será necesario que salgamos temprano. Era
necesario que saliéramos temprano.
Me sorprende que no lo tengas. Me
sorprendió que no lo tuvieras.
Niegan que ella lo haya visto. Negaron
que ella lo hubieran hecho.
2. In Adverbial clauses the
subjunctive is used after certain conjunctions.
These are divided into two groups: always and sometimes. The PESCA³ conjunctions always take
the subjunctive. The MHCADTALE
conjunctions take the subjunctive if the action in the subordinate
clause has not been realized; it is anticipated to happen later. CSHAPED conjunctions are the
conjunctions from the two previously mentioned lists that should be changed
into prepositions by dropping que and using the infinitive form when
there is no change of subject.
PESCA³
(always) MHCADTALE
(sometimes)* CSHAPED
Para
que so that Mientras while Con tal (de) que
En
caso de que in case that Hasta que until Sin que
Sin
que without Cuando when Hasta que
Con
tal (de) que provided that Aunque although, even if Antes (de) que
Antes
(de) que before Después de que after Para
que
A
menos que unless Tan pronto como as soon as En caso de que
A
no ser que unless Así que as soon as Después de que
Luego que as soon as
En
cuanto as soon as
*Use
the indicative if the action has happened or happens regularly.
Enseña para
que aprendan. Ensenaré
cuando yo termine mis estudios.
Salió sin que lo
viéramos. Te
lo diremos tan pronto como lo veamos.
BUT
Salió
sin decir nada. Me
quedé aquí hasta que volvieron.
Me
quedaré aquí hasta terminar mi trabajo.
3.
In
Adjective clauses (relative clauses) the subjunctive is used when the
antecedent is unknown, nonexistent, or questioned.
No hay nadie
que lo sepa. BUT Hay alguien aquí que lo sabe.
¿Tienen
Vds. Algo que esté en liquidación? Tenemos
unos cosas que están en liquidación.
Busco
un vestido que me quede mejor. Tengo
un vestido que me queda mejor.
4. Other uses:
a. ojalá
(que) always
takes subjuntive Ojalá
que vengan. (I hope they come.)
b. -quiera
expressions always
take subjunctive Quienquiera
que lo haga, lo hará bien. (Whoever does
it, will do it well.)
c.
quizás / tal
vez (perhaps) generally take
subjunctive (use indicative if you wish to show greater certainty)
(a lo mejor always takes the indicative)
d.
acaso (perhaps) takes
subjunctive in a statement (indicative in a question)
e.
aunque (although) takes
sujunctive if the clause refers to a hypothetical situation (takes indicative
if it refers to certainty)
f.
por + adj. (adv.) + que (however) always takes subjunctive Por guapo que sea, no saldré con Juan.
(However handsome he may be, I will
not go out with John.)
g. concessive statements always
take subjunctive Sea lo que
sea. (Be that
as it may.)
h.
if clauses always
take subjuntive when they express a hypothetical situation or one that is
contrary to fact.
1.
If I have time, I will go. No
subjunctive; this
expresses a possible event in the present time. Use future and present
of the indicative mood. (Si tengo
tiempo, iré.)
2. If I had time, (now, but I don’t) Use imperfect subjunctive in if
clause and conditional in the result clause.
I would go. (Si
tuviera tiempo, iría.)
3. If I had known, (but I did not) Use past perfect subjunctive in
if clause and conditional perfect in the result clause.
I would have gone. (Si hubiera
sabido, habría ido.)
i. como
si (as if) always
takes the imperfect subjunctive
(Habla
como si fuera importante.)
Subjunctive
uses
1. |
noun clauses (will, persuasion) Insisten
en que salgamos. They insist that we leave. |
after
verbs / expressions of will, ordering, telling, etc. with a change
of subject querer decir* escribir* prohibir empeñarse en desear insistir en aconsejar pedir sugerir mandar recomendar exigir rogar preferir obligar dejar ojalá |
2. |
noun
clauses (doubt, disbelief) No estoy
segura de que lo sepa. I’m not sure he knows it. |
after
verbs / expressions of doubt, disbelief, denial with a change of
subject no creer negar dudar es dudoso hay
duda no estar seguro ¿creer? |
3. |
noun
clauses (emotion) Me
alegro de que vayas. I’m glad you are going. |
after
expressions of emotion with a change of subject esperar alegrarse
de temer sentir tener
miedo de sorprender asombrar gustar es lástima estar
contento |
4. |
noun
clauses (opinion, judgment) Es
necesario que lo sepas. It’s necessary that you know it. |
after
impersonal expressions of opinion/judgment about another’s
actions/situation with a change of subject es bueno es
necesario importa es dudoso vale parece mentira es raro es
posible es probable es importante conviene es
improbable es malo es
preciso es imposible |
5. |
adverbial
clauses (always) No irá a
menos que vayamos. He will not go unless we go. |
after
these conjunctions which always take subjunctive a menos que para
que* con
tal de que* a
no ser que antes (de) que* sin
que* en
caso de que* a
fin de que* (If
there is no change of subject with those marked by an *, drop que and use the
infinitive form.) |
|
adverbial
clauses (sometimes) Lo haré
cuando vuelva. I will do it when I return. Siempre
lo visito cuando vuelvo. I always visit him when I return. Siempre
lo visitaba cuando volvía. I always visited him when I returned. Lo visité cuando volví. I visited him when I returned. |
after
these conjunctions when the action in the dependent clause is anticipated
(not already happened) cuando mientras luego que en cuanto tan
pronto como después de que* aunque así
que hasta que* (If
there is no change of subject with those marked by an *, drop que and use the
infinitive form.) Questions
to ask: Has the
action happened? Yes? Use the preterite. Does it
happen on a regular basis? Yes? Use the present (or imperfect for past) Is it
anticipated that the action will happen later? Yes? Use the subjunctive |
6. |
adjective
clauses |
after a non-existent,
unknown, or questioned antecedent There is
no one here who understands this. No hay nadie aqui que comprenda esto. I’m
looking for a secretary who speaks three languages. Busco una secretaria que hable tres lenguas Is there
a restaurant here which serves French food? ¿Hay un restaurante aquí que sirva comida
francés? |
7. |
-quiera
expressions por +
adj. (adv.) + que |
after -quiera
expressions and por + adj. (adv.) +
que cuandoquiera whenever Cuandoquiera que venga, nos
lo dirá. dondequiera wherever Estará contento dondequiera que esté. adondequiera (to)
wherever (used with verbs of motion) Adondequiera
que vaya, lo hallaré. quienquiera whoever Quienquiera
que lo sepa, me lo dirá. quienesquiera whoever (plural) Quienesquiera que salgan,
volverán. cualquier whatever
(adj. Sing) Cualquier libro que leas,
te divertirás. cualquiera whatever
(pronoun) Cualquiera que haga, estará
contento. por + adj. (adv.) + que however, no matter how Por rico
que sea, no estará contento. Por
rápido que corra, no ganára. |
8. |
si clauses Remember: A si clause in the present
tense will always take the indicative because you are
expressing a possible event in the present. I will go if I have time. Iré si
tengo tiempo. |
after si
in a clause that expresses a condition that is hypothetical or contrary
to fact If I
were you, I would
leave now. Si fuera tú, saldrías ahora. If
they were to come,
I would visit them. Si
vinieran, los visitarían. I would
help you if I had time. Te ayudaría si tuviera tiempo. (Use past
subjunctive in the if clause, and the conditional*
in the result clause.) If I
had been you, I
would have left. Si hubiera sido tú, habría salido. If I
had seen her, I
would have given it to her. Si la hubiera visto, se lo habría dado. I would
have done it if I had known. Lo habría hecho si hubiera sabido. |
9. |
como si |
after como
si; always use the imperfect subjunctive He speaks Spanish as if he were Cuban Habla español como si fuera
cubano |
Commands
|
TÚ |
VOSOTROS |
USTED |
USTEDES |
NOSOTROS |
INDIRECT |
A F F I R |
Háblale. (Speak to
him.) Ábrelos. (Open
them.) Siéntate. (Sit
down.) |
Habladle. (Speak to
him.) Abridlos. (Open them.) Sentaos. (Sit
down.) |
Háblele. (Speak to
him.) Ábralos. (Open
them.) Siéntese. (Sit
down.) |
Háblenle. (Speak to
him.) Ábranlos. (Open
them.) Siéntense. (Sit
down.) |
Hablémosle. (Let's
speak to him.) Abrámoslos. (Let's
open them.) Sentémonos. (Let's
sit down.) |
Que le hable
Ana. (Have Ana speak to him.) Que los abra
ella. (Let her
open them.) Que se sienten aquí. (Have
them sit here.) |
M A T I V E |
Use 3rd sing., pres. indic. 8 irregs.: di, haz, pon, sal, sé, ten, ve,
ven |
Drop
r of infinitive, add d. Reflexive pronoun is os. Accent i
before os: divertíos |
Use 3rd sing., pres. subj. |
Use 3rd pl., pres. subj. |
Use 1st pl., pres. subj. -ir StC verbs change e to i
(o to u): durmamos, pidámosle, vistámonos. Reflexive verbs drop s before
adding nos. |
Use 3rd sing. or
pl., pres. subj. Use que
to introduce command. Object pronouns precede. |
N E |
No le hables. No los abras. No te sientes. |
No le habléis. No los abráis. No os sentéis. |
No le hable. No los abra. No se siente. |
No le hablen. No los abran. No se sienten. |
No le hablemos. No los abramos. No nos sentemos. |
Que no le hable Ana. Que no los abra ella. Que no se sienten aquí. |
G A T I V E |
Use 2nd sing., pres. subj. |
Use 2nd pl., pres. subj. -ir StC verbs change e to i
(o to u): no durmáis, no os vistáis |
Use 3rd sing., pres. subj. |
Use 3rd pl., pres. subj. |
Use 1st pl., pres. subj. -ir StC verbs change e to i
(o to u): no durmamos, no le pidamos, no nos vistamos. |
Use 3rd sing. or
pl., pres. subj. Use que
to introduce command. |
1. Attach
object pronouns to affirmative commands (accent next to last vowel sound)
except indirect command.
2. Put
object pronouns before negative commands.
VERBALS
INFINITIVO PERFECTO |
haber
hablado Use the ifinitive haber + the past participle (ado, ido) Me alegro de haberla visto. I am glad to have seen her. |
TO HAVE TALKED |
GERUNDIO PERFECTO |
habiendo
hablado Use the gerundio (present
participle of haber ) + the past participle Habiendo terminado, salimos. Having finished, we left. |
HAVING TALKED |
GERUNDIO (Present
participle) The
Spanish gerunds of estar, ir, and venir are not used to form progressive tenses
of these verbs. |
hablando May
be used to form progressive tenses or may be used without helping verb. Juan está hablando en español. El
chico hablando en español es un nuevo estudiante. StC - -ir verbos: e to i; o to u durmiendo,
repitiendo, vistiéndose, viniendo, diciendo SpC - insert
y leyendo,
cayendo, creyendo, trayendo, oyendo, huyendo irregegulars: yendo (ir),
pudiendo (poder), riñendo (reñir *) Used with estar to form
progressive tenses: Estoy
hablando I am talking Estaba
hablando I was talking Estaré
hablando I shall be talking Also used with seguir, continuar, ir, venir,
salir, and andar: Salió riendo. He went out laughing. Venían
corriendo.
They came running. Sigue
leyendo.
He keeps on reading. Continuará
trabajando. He will
continue working. The
Spanish gerund is often the equivalent of by + an English
participle: Viajando, se aprende mucho. By traveling, one learns
much. Estudiando, se saca buenas
notas. By studying, one gets good grades. The English gerund (-ing verb form functioning as a
noun) is expressed by using (el) infinitive: (El) mentir es un vicio.
Lying is a vice. |
TALKING |
PASSIVE VOICE
|
Ser Passive (People and Things) |
|
Se Passive (Things) |
|
Se Passive (People) |
|
María fue elegida por los
estudiantes. (Maria
was elected by the students.) Los libros serán contados por
Juan. The books
will be counted by Juan. La ciudad ha sido atacada por
el enemigo. The city
has been attacked by the enemy. |
|
Se pintó la casa en junio. The house
was painted in June Se publicarán sus obras en español. His works
will be published in Spanish. Se han marcado las pruebas. The tests
have been graded. |
|
Se eligió a María. Mary was elected. Se castigará a los niños. The
children will be punished. Se ha detenido a los ladrones. The
thieves have been arrested. |
1. |
Subject
of sentence is either a person or thing. |
1. |
Subject is a thing. |
1. |
Subject is a person. |
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|
2. |
Agent
(doer) is expressed or implied by = por (de -
emotion) |
2. |
No agent mentioned. |
2. |
No agent mentioned. |
3. |
Subject/verb agreement. |
3. |
Subject/verb
agreement - always 3rd person singular or
plural. |
3. |
No subject/verb agreement.
Verb is always 3rd person singular. |
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|
4. |
Subject/past participle agreement. Las flores han sido regadas
por Ana. |
4. |
No past
participle agreement. - ado, -
ido (always ends in o) |
4. |
No past
participle agreement. - ado, -
ido (always ends in o) |
5. |
Sido = been - this form never changes. |
5. |
Se replaces all ser forms. Se han encontrado las llaves. The keys
have been found. |
5. |
Se replaces all ser forms. Se la ha encontrado. She has been found. |
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6. |
Se ha encontrado a Ana. Ana has been found. Use a
before name/noun which is subject. |
Appendix
I. Verbs
that require prepositions before a following infinitive:
|
a |
a |
a |
a |
de |
de |
en |
en |
con |
|
acostumbrarse |
comenzar (ie) |
invitar |
salir |
acabar |
dejar (to stop) |
consentir (ie) |
empeñarse |
amenazar |
|
aprender |
decidirse |
ir |
venir |
acordarse (ue) |
encargarse |
consistir |
insistir |
contar (ue) |
|
apresurarse |
dedicarse |
negarse |
volver (ue) |
alegrarse |
olvidarse |
convenir |
tardar |
dar |
|
atreverse |
empezar (ie) |
ponerse |
|
cesar |
tratar |
|
|
soñar (ue) |
|
ayudar |
enseñar |
regresar |
|
|
|
|
|
tropezar (ie) |
II. Verbs that do not take a
preposition before a following infinitive:
deber esperar necesitar poder
(ue) prometer soler (ue)
dejar (to allow) hacer oír preferir
(ie) querer (ie) ver
desear lograr pensar(ie) querer (ie) saber
III. Hace and desde with expressions of time
Hace
+ time expression +
que + present tense
(action started in past and continues into present)
Hace
un año que vivimos aquí. We’ve been living here for a year.
¿Cuánto
tiempo hace que vives aquí? How long have you been living here?
Present
tense + desde hace
Vivo aquí desde hace un año. I’ve been living here for a year.
¿Desde cuándo trabajas? How
long have you been working?
Hace
+ time expression + que + preterite (to place a past event at some point
in time)
Hace
dos días que salieron. They left two days ago.
¿Cuánto
tiempo hace que ocurrió la boda? How long ago did the wedding occur?
Hace
+ time expression +
que + imperfect (action had been going on at a point in the past)
Hacía
veinte años que trabajaba cuando He
had been working twenty years when he won
ganó la lotería. the
lottery.
¿Cuánto tiempo hacía que
dormían? How long had they been sleeping?
Imperfect
tense + desde hace
Viajaban desde hace un mes. They had been traveling for a month.
¿Desde cuándo dormían. How
long had they been sleeping?
IV. Por Para
Adverbial
expressions por eso Purpose
(goal, intention) para aprender
Substitution (on
behalf) por mí Employment una silla para la sala; trabaja para IBM
Through, by
means of por el parque Future
time para la semena que viene
Reasons, motives por
miedo About
to Están para salir
In favor of
(with estar) está por ir Considering
that para un nño de tres anos, habla
. . .
Passive voice “by” por Juan Toward
(destination) Salieron para la playa
Equivalence, “per” por hora Opinion Para mí, no es difícil.
Duration of time por tres semanas Recipient una carta para ti
Object of an errand fue por leche
Xchange cinco dólares por el libro
V. Ser Estar
Identification Material Lasting
qualities (adjs.) Resultant
condition Location
Profession Possession Economic condition Temorary
condition Passing
traits
Nationality Origin Passive voice Progressive
tenses
Time/place
of events Religion Time and date
Destination
(Es para ti) Math
VI. Subject Direct
Object Indirect
Object Reflexive Prepositional
yo nosotros (as) me
nos me nos me nos mí nosotros (as)
tú vosotros (as) te os te os te os ti vosotros
(as)
él, ella ellos,
ellas lo (le) los le les se se él, ella ellos, ellas
usted ustedes la las usted ustedes
VII. Relatives
A relative pronoun begins an
explanatory clause that it links to a noun or pronoun in the preceding clause.
Persons |
Things / Ideas |
Use |
Example |
que (who, which, that) |
que (that, which) |
as subject and direct object |
Ana es la
chica que llamé. Tiene el libro que
necesito. |
a, de, en,
con + quien, quienes (whom) |
a, de, en,
con + que (which, that) |
as object of preposition |
Ana es la
chica de quien te hablé. |
quien, quienes (who) |
|
subject of nonrestrictive clause |
Ana, quien
está en mi clase, va a salir para Lima hoy. |
cuyo,
cuyos, cuyos, cuyas (adjective) |
|
agrees with noun it modifies |
Ana es la
chica cuyos padres están en Europa. |
1. El
cual - el que El
cual and el que are the relative pronouns used instead of que and quien
after prepositions of two or more syllables, sin, and por. These compound relative pronouns each have
four forms and therefore can indicate the number and the gender of their
antecedent.
el que, la
que, los que, las que / el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales Hay muchas cosas sobre las cuales (las que) no
tenemos ningún control.
The forms of el cual and el
que are also used to avoid ambiguity when there is more than one possible
antecedent. Escribí al padre de Juan,
que estaba enfermo indicates that John was sick,
becuase que refers to the closest antecedent. A more distant antecedent is indicated with el
cual or el que.
Thus, Escribí al padre de Juan, el cual (el que)
estaba enfermo indicates that the father was ill.
2. lo que, lo cual The neuter relatives lo que
and lo cual are used when the antecedent is a previous clause or
statement, rather than a noun or pronoun.
Juan
no va al baile, lo que (lo cual) me extraña. . . . which surpises me.
La niña dice que no fuma, lo que
(lo cual) es verdad. . . .
which is true.
In addition lo que (not lo cual) is the
equivalent of the non-interrogative what, or that which.
Lo
que dices es interesante. What you say is interesting.
3. El
que (and its forms) and quien, quienes may be used to
translate: He who, The
one, etc.
Las que
llamaron son mis tías. The ones who called are my cousin.
Quienes
estudian, aprenderán. Those
who study will learn.